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Oil pumps are visible in every direction on China Grade Loop in northeast Bakersfield in this file photo from May 2022.

An oil industry-supported study has highlighted concerns Sacramento agrees should be addressed to make sure foreign crude doesn't get an unfair market advantage over in-state production because of data gaps in California's system for rating fuels' "carbon intensity."

The report last month by the nonprofit Institute for Energy Research pointed to what it called serious flaws within Stanford University's Oil Production Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimator, or OPGEE, which the California Air Resources Board uses to determine combustion costs assigned to refineries.